What Drives Adult Personality Development - 1542 Words

Question #1 According to Specht, Bleidorn, Dennisen, Henneck, Huteman, Kandler, Luhmann, Orth, Reitz and Zimmerman’s article (2014) What Drives Adult Personality Development? A Comparison of Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Evidence In terms of adult personality development, the most prominent perspectives utilize genetic and environmental factors into their models. Some examples of these theories consist of the five factor theory of personality and neo-social analytic theory (Specht et al., 2014). McCray and Costa’s five factor theory focuses on biological maturation and not life experiences (Specht et al., 2014). Meaning that innate biological processes may parallel physical fluctuations experienced in puberty. Many organisms go through stages of crucial development and reproduction events that include sexual and physical maturation (Specht et al., 2014). In turn, McCray and Costa hypothesized that higher levels of Openness to experience and Extraversion are detrimental to finding a mating partner while Conscientiousness and Agreeableness facilitate raising a family (Specht et al., 2014). One of the limitations associated with this theory is that individual differences appear around the age of 30 based on the empirical evidence (Specht et al., 2014). Thus, the empirical data suggest that more changes occur and this theory doesn’t encompass all those changes. This perspective also fails to acknowledge normal ranging common life experiences (Specht et al., 2014).S how MoreRelatedEssay on Freud V Erickson1371 Words   |  6 Pagestheories of development relied heavily on the belief that infantile sexuality must be seen as an integral part of a broader developmental theory of human personality. This had its origins in, and was a generalization of, Breuers earlier discovery that traumatic childhood events could have devastating negative effects upon the adult individual, and took the form of the general thesis that early childhood sexual experiences were the crucial factors in the determination of the adult personality.(Freud2)Read MoreFreud s Psychoanalytic Theory Of Personality1384 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper I am going to talk about Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality. I will describe what his theory is about and about what my thoughts are about if I would use this technique or not in my way in counseling. I will also describe different ways that I would still use the Freud’s technique but in my own u nique way. Sigmund Freud s psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: theRead MoreWhat Can Psychology Teach Us About Human Development?1558 Words   |  7 PagesPSYCHOLOGY ESSAY WHAT CAN PSYCHOLOGY TEACH US ABOUT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? WORDCOUNT 1532 INTRODUCTION Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Discussions on the two subjects date as far back as the early Greek thinkers such as Aristotle and Socrates. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word ‘psyche’ meaning ‘soul’ or ‘mind’. Psychology is both an applied and academic field, that is the scientific study Of behaviour and experience. Research into psychology helps us toRead MorePsychological Aspects Of Criminal Behavior1565 Words   |  7 Pagespatterns and trends unique to each criminal offender’s past. Intelligence, learning, and personality all play into the likelihood for someone to exhibit any kind of criminal behavior. In order to understand the root causes of criminal behavior and deviance of an offender, one must identify the particular parts of the human personality that play into the psychodynamics and psychosexual stages of development during childhood. From there mental disorders and other antisocial behavior may become apparentRead MoreA Study On Twins, Twins Separated At Birth Through Adoption1275 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment in which they grew up in and their genes. Schulsinger (1972) carried out the first adoption study in Denmark. His theory was to compare adopted adults, some adults had been diagnosed as psychopaths and others hadn’t. There was a lot of criticism regarding his theory because Schulsinger used his own criteria to diagnose particular adults with psychopathic behaviour. Another criminologist who developed a theory around adoption was Crowe, he studied those that came from families with criminalRead MoreEssay about Explanations of Personality Development701 Words   |  3 PagesExplanations of Personality Development According to Sigmund Freud, what we do and why we do it, who we are and how we became this way are all related to our sexual drive. Differences in personalities originate in differences in childhood sexual experiences. In the Freudian psychoanalytical model, child personality development is discussed in terms of psychosexual stages. In his Three Essays on Sexuality (1915), Freud outlined five stages of manifestations of theRead MorePsy/405 Klein vs. Erikson Debate Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesErikson’s Post-Freudian Theory in regards to their describing of individual personality characteristics along with interpersonal relations. Team Klein will begin the debate: Jessica - On the positive aspects of Klein’s object theory on individual personality characteristics is how an infant’s experience can shape their future personality. One is the object of the breast, which later perceives total control and this drives satisfaction called the id. According to Burch (1988), â€Å"Good experiencesRead MoreFreuds Work with Humans Relation to the Mind791 Words   |  3 PagesLittle was known about the development of humans in relation to the mind and what affected its development until, Sigmund Freud, made it his life work. Freud was born in Frieberg, Moravia (which is now part of the Czech Republic) in 1856. His family eventually moved to Vienna where he began his life work and remained until the last years of his life (other than WWII, as being Jewish he was allowed to leave for England, but returned after the conclusion). He always considered himself a scientist firstRead MorePsychodynamic Theory1497 Words   |  6 Pagestheories and t hose of his followers. Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. His theory had the main focus that: * Children pass thru a series of age-dependent stages during development * Each stage has a designated â€Å"pleasure zone† and â€Å"primary activity† ,human motivation is guided by the drive to seek pleasure * Each stage requires resolution of a particular conflict/task * Failure to successfully navigate a stage’s particular conflict/ task is known as Fixation * LeavingRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities1265 Words   |  6 PagesMany people in school, no matter what age or grade one may be in, are involved in some type of extracurricular. Many people also don’t get to choose what extracurricular they begin to partake in due to their parents or guardians deciding what they would like their child to participate in, more often than not at a very young age. Whether it be attached to the school they attend or not, many people aren’t aware of the many positive effects that it may have on their own self, or their child. While

Capturing Real Life in Jane Austens Emma Essay - 2772 Words

Capturing Real Life in Emma Jane Austen deliberately confined herself to the realistic portrayal of a segment of contemporary English life-upper middle-class society. The heroine, Emma Woodhouse, lives on her fathers estate at Hartfield which is in effect an adjunct of the village of Highbury in spite of its separate lawns and shrubberies. Mr. Westons estate of Randals is in the parish of Highbury, and Mr. Knightleys Donwell Abbey is situated in the neighbouring parish, within comfortable walking distance. Here life is concentrated within itself and separated from London which although only sixteen miles away was much beyond...daily reach. Significantly, Emma has never visited London, never been to the seaside, never visited†¦show more content†¦Coles carriage horses returning from exercise, or a stray letter-boy on an obstinate mule, were the liveliest objects she could presume to expect; and when her eyes fell only on the butcher with his tray, a tiny old woman travelling homewards from the shop with her full basket, two curs quarrelling over a dirty bone, and a string of dawdling children round the bakers little bow-window eyeing the gingerbread, she knew she had no reason to complain, and was amused enough; quite enough still to stand at the door. In such a narrow society gossip helps to relieve the tedium. This gossip may be harmless - Mr. Frank Churchills coming to visit his father and stepmother; speculation about Mr. Eltons fiancee, Miss Augusta Hawkins of Bristol; excited accounts (becoming more and more exaggerated with each telling) of Harriets gallant rescue from the gypsies by Frank Churchill. However, gossip can also be malicious, as we shall see when Emma confides in Frank Churchill her unfounded suspicion that Jane Fairfaxs pianoforte is a gift from a secret admirer, Mr. Dixon, husband of Janes dearest friend Miss Campbell. Highbury society can also be unbearably claustrophobic. This is symbolically highlighted when Emma is trapped alone with Mr. Elton in her carriage on the journey home from the Christmas Eve dinner-party at Randals. After she has rejected the vicars proposal of marriage out of hand, they have no choice but to continue theShow MoreRelatedComparing Clueless and Emma Essay1816 Words   |  8 PagesCLUELESS VS. EMMA Adaptations of Jane Austen’s, Emma, are usually period pieces diligent in capturing and replicating the manners, dress, language and values of the original text. Clueless, written and directed by Amy Heckerling, deviates drastically from the norm, as the film is not a period piece. While Emma is set in the early nineteenth century in the country village of Highbury, sixteen miles out of London, England, Clueless is set in Bronson Alcott High School almost two hundred years laterRead MoreGoal Movie Review10720 Words   |  43 Pagesmust prove that he’s got the grit and the game to win a contract with one of the most prestigious football clubs in the world. Muddy fields, cold winds and crunching blows from teammates—not to mention personal woes, injuries, and the temptations of life in the fast lane—are just a few of the obstacles Santiago must overcome to triumph in the heady, heart-pounding world of international football. 1 Directed by Danny Cannon, â€Å"Goal! The Dream Begins† stars up and coming Latino actor Kuno Becker. SomeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesproblem without bringing in the most relevant information. This first chapter explains what it means to be logical—to reason logically. It demonstrates the usefulness of logical reasoning as a means to making more effective decisions about your own life—decisions about what to believe and decisions about what to do. The chapter begins a systematic program of study of all the major topics regarding logical reasoning. Along the way, the book focuses on developing the following five skills: (1) writing

Medical Immunology Free Essays

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY SEROLOGY Terence L. Eday, RMT, MT(ASCPi), MPH College of Medical Technology / Medical Laboratory Science University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Historical Perspective †¢ 1773, Voltaire reported on an ancient Chinese custom where dried and powdered small pox scabs were inhaled †¢ 1798, Edward Anthony Jenner, Smallpox vaccination †¢ 1862, Ernst Haekel, Recognition of phagocytosis 1877, Paul Erlich, recognition of mast cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1879, Louis Pasteur, Attennuated chicken cholera vaccine development †¢ 1883, Ellie Metchnikoff developed the cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis; phagocytic theory; cellular theory of vaccination †¢ 1885, Pasteur discovered therapeutic vaccination; first report of live â€Å"attenuated† vaccine for rabies Historical Perspective 1888, Pierre Roux Alexander Yersin, Bacterial toxins (Yersinia pestis) †¢ 1888, George Nuttall, Bactericidal action of blood †¢ 189 0, Emil von Behring and Kitasata introduced passive immunization into modern medicine; humoral theory of immunity †¢ 1891, Robert Koch demonstrated the cutaneous (delayed-type) hypersensitivity †¢ 1894, Richard Pfeiffer, Bacteriolysis Historical Perspective (1 of 6 ) 1895, Jules Bordet, Complement and antibody activity in bacteriolysis †¢ 1900, Paul Ehrlich, responsible for the antibody formation theory †¢ 1901, Karl Landsteiner, A, B, and O †¢ 1901-8, Carl Jensen Leo Loeb, Transplantable tumors †¢ 1902, Paul Portier Charles Richet, Anaphylaxis Historical Perspective (1 of 6 ) †¢ 1903, Nicolas Maurice Arthus, discovered the Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity †¢ 1903, Almroth Wright and Stewart Douglas observed the humoral component, opsonin †¢ 1906, Clemens von Pirquet, coined the word allergy †¢ 1907, Svante Arrhenius, coined the term immunochemistry Historical Perspective †¢ 1910, Emil von Dungern, Ludwik Hirszfeld, Inheritance of ABO blood groups †¢ 1910, Peyton Rous, Viral immunology theory †¢ 1914, Clarence Little, Genetics theory of tumor transplantation †¢ 1915-20, Leonll Strong Clarence Little, Inbred mouse strains Historical Perspective †¢ 1917, Karl Landsteiner, Haptens †¢ 1921, Carl Prausnitz Heinz Kustner, Cutaneous reactions †¢ 1924, L. Aschoff, Reticuloendothelial system †¢ 1926, Loyd Felton GH Bailey, Isolation of pure antibody preparation †¢ 1938, John Marrack, Antigen-antibody binding hypothesis Historical Perspective 1936, Peter Gorer, Identification of the H2 antigen in mice †¢ 1940, Karl Landsteiner Alexander Weiner, Identification of the Rh Antigens †¢ 1941, Albert Coons, Immunofluorescence technique †¢ 1942, Jules Freund Katherine McDermott, Adjuvants †¢ 1942, Karl Landsteiner Merill Chase, Cellular transfer of sensitivity in guinea pigs (anaphylaxis) Historical Perspective †¢ 1944, Peter Medwar, Immunological hypothesis of allograft rejection †¢ 1948, Astrid Fagraeus, Demonstration of antibody production in plasma B cells †¢ 1948, George Snell, Congenic mouse lines †¢ 1949, Macfarlane Burnet Frank Fenner, Immunological tolerance hypothesis Historical Perspective †¢ 1950, Richard Gershon and K Kondo, Discovery of supressor T cells †¢ 1952, Ogden and Bruton, discovery of agammaglobulinemia (antibody immunodeficiency) †¢ 1953, Morton Simonsen and WJ Dempster, Graft-versus-host reaction †¢ 1953, James Riley Geoffrey West, Discovery of histamine in mast cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1953, Rupert Billingham, Leslie Brent, Peter Medwar, Milan Hasek, Immunological tolerance hypothesis †¢ 1955-1959, Niels Jerne, David Talmage, Macfarlane Burnet, Clonal Selection Theory †¢ 1957, Ernest Witebsky et all. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Immunology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Induction of autoimmunity in animals †¢ 1957, Alik Isaacs Jean Lindemann, Discovery of interferon (cytokine) Historical Perspective †¢ 1958-62, Jean Dausset et al. , Human leukocyte antigens †¢ 1959-62, Rodney Porter et al. , Discovery of antibody structure †¢ 1959, James Gowans, Lympocyte circulation †¢ 1961-62, Jaques Miller et al. , Discovery of thymus involvement in cellular immunity †¢ 1961-62, Noel Warner et al. , Disctinction of cellular and humoral immune response Historical Perspective †¢ 1963, Jacques Oudin et al. Antibody isotypes †¢ 1964-68, Anthony Davis et al. , T and B cell cooperation in immune response †¢ 1965, Thomas Tomasi et al. , Secretory immunoglobulin antibodies †¢ 1967, Kimishige Ishizaka et al. , Identification of IgE as the reaginic antibody Historical Perspective †¢ 1971, Donald Bailey, Recombinant inbred mouse strains †¢ 1972, Gerald M. Edelman Rodney Porter, Identification of antibody molecul e †¢ 1974, Rolf Zinkernagel Peter Doherty, MHC restriction †¢ 1975, Kohler and Milstein, First monoclonal antibodies used in genetic analysis Historical Perspective †¢ 1984, Robert Good, Failed treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID, David the bubble boy) by bone marrow grafting †¢ 1985, Tonegawa, Hood et al. , Identification of immunoglobulin genes †¢ 1985-1987, Leroy Hood et al. , Identification of genes for the T cell receptor †¢ 1986, Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine Historical Perspective †¢ 1986, Mosmann, Th1 versus Th2 model of T-helper-cell function †¢ 1990, Yamamoto et al. Molecular differences between the genes for blood groups O and A and between those for A and B †¢ 1990, NIH team, Gene therapy for SCID using cultured T cells †¢ 1993, NIH team, Treatment of SCID using genetically altered umbilical cord cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1996-1998, Identification of toll-like receptors †¢ 2001, FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory-T-cell development †¢ 2005, Frazer, Development of human papilloma-virus vaccine The IMMUNE SYTEM What is Immunology? â⠂¬ ¢ Study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) material †¢ †¦ ow body components respond and interact †¢ †¦desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions †¢ †¦ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease What is Immunity? †¢ Latin word â€Å"immunitas†, freedom from †¢ It refers to all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body. †¢ Can be either natural (innate or inborn) or acquired (adaptive) Function of the Immune System †¢ Recognize â€Å"self† from â€Å"nonself† †¢ Defend the body against nonself Physiologic function is to prevent infection and to eradicate established infections (sterilizing immunity) Key Characteristics of the Immune System †¢ Innate immunity †¢ Primary response †¢ Sec ondary response and immunologic memory †¢ Immune response is highly specific †¢ Immune system is tolerant of self-antigens †¢ Immune responses against self-antigens can result in autoimmune diseases †¢ Immune responses against infectious agents do not always lead to elimination of the pathogen (HIV/AIDS) Major Principles of Immunity (immune response): Elimination of many microbial agents through the nonspecific protective mechanisms of the innate immune system. †¢ Cues from the innate immune system inform the cells of the adaptive immune system as to whether it is appropriate to make a response and what type of response to make. Major Principles of Immunity (immune response): †¢ Cells of the adaptive immune system display exquisitely specific recognition of foreign antigens and mobilize potent mechanisms for elimination of microbes bearing such antigens. The immune system displays memory of its previous responses. †¢ Tolerance of self-antigens. Cel ls of the Immune System †¢ Lymphocytes – occupy the central stage; determines the specificity of immunity †¢ Dendritic cells (DCs) Langerhan cells †¢ Monocyte/macrophages †¢ Natural killer (NK) cells †¢ Neutrophils †¢ Mast cells Basophils †¢ Eosinophils †¢ Epithelial and stromal cells – provides anatomic environment (secretion of critical factors that regulate migration, growth and homeostasis) Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Primary Lymphoid Organs Sites where pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes mature into naive T and B cells in the absence of foreign antigen; †¢ Fetal Liver, Adult bone marrow, and thymus The INNATE IMMUNE SYTEM INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM †¢ relies on germ line-encoded receptors to detect a limited set of microbial structures that are uniquely associated with microbial infection †¢ not a function of a single defined physiologic system; rather, it is a product of multiple and diverse defense mechanisms Modules of the Innate Immune System †¢ Surface epithelium The phagocyte system – critical for the defense against both intracellular and extracellular bacteria as well as fungal pathogens; aided by opsonins †¢ Acute phase response and complement – variety of secreted proteins that function in the circulation and in tissue fluids; secreted by the hepatocytes in response to the inflammatory cytokines IL1 and IL-6 Modules of the Innate Immune System †¢ Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized in the elimination of infected host cells and in aiding defense against viral and other intracellular infections through production of cytokines(IFN-? ; regulated by type I interferons (IFN-? /? ) †¢ Mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils are specialized in defense against multicellular parasites, such as helminthes; regulated by several cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 Strategies of Innate Immune Recognition 1. Recognition of microbial nonself – ref erred to as pattern recognition, based on the recognition of molecular structures that are unique to microorganisms and not produced by the host 2. Recognition of missing self – based on the recognition of molecules expressed only on normal, uninfected cells of the host Targets of Innate Immune Recognition †¢ PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) – molecular structures produced by microbial pathogens, but not by the host organism †¢ PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) – receptors of the innate immune system and represents targets of the innate immune system Targets of Innate Immune Recognition Examples of PAMPs include: (1) LPS of gram-negative bacteria (2) LTA of gram-positive bacteria (3) Peptidoglycans (4) Lipoproteins of bacteria (cell wall) (5) Lipoarabinomannan of mycobacteria (6) dsRNA produced by virus during the infection cycle (7) ? -glucans and mannans found in fungal cell wall Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Broad categories of PRRs: (1) PRRs that signal the presence of infection; expressed on the cell surface or intracellularly Categories of gene products: a. pr oteins and peptides that have direct antimicrobial effector functions (antimicrobial peptides and lysozyme) b. nflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-8) c. gene products that control activation of the adaptive immune response (MHC, CD80/CD86, IL-12) Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Broad categories of PRRs: (2) Phagocytic (or endocytic) PRRs; expressed on the surface of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells(DCs) (3) Secreted PRRs (mannan-binding lectin and peptidoglycan-recognition proteins Function: a. activate complement b. opsonize microbials cells to facilitate their phagocytosis c. ccessory proteins for PAMP recognition by transmembrane receptors (TLR) Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Toll-like Receptors – comprise a family of type 1 transmembrane receptors characterized by leucine rich repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular portion and an intracellular TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor) domain; grouped into two classes: (1) TLRs 1, 2, 4 , 5, and 6 are expressed on the plasma membrane and detect bacterial and fungal cell wall components; (2) TLRs 3, 7, and 9 are expressed in endosomal compartments and recognize viral nucleic acids Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) †¢ expressed predominantly in the cells of the immune system, including macrophages, DC, neutrophils, mast cells, and B cells †¢ also expressed on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, surface epithelial cells, and muscle cell †¢ Signal transducing receptor for LPS, heat sensitive protein associated with the cell walls of MTB †¢ Together with CD14 shown to mediate responsiveness to the fusion (F) protein of RSV Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) †¢ Involved in recognition of LTA and peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprotein, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, a phenol-soluble modulin from S. epidermidis, zymosan of yeast cell walls, and lipoglycosylphosphotidylinositol T. cruzi †¢ Also shown to recognize two kinds of atypical LPS: L. interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivitis Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) Receptor for dsRNA †¢ Can mediate responses to poly(IC) †¢ Expressed on DCs, macrophages, and surface epithelial cells, including instestinal epithelium †¢ Also expressed in CD8+ DCs Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) †¢ Involved in viral recognition and both detect nucleic acids together with TLR9 †¢ Recognizes viral ssRNA (derived from RNA viruses); TLR9 (unmethylated DNA derived from DNA viruses) †¢ Expressed primarily on plasmacytoid dendritic cells †¢ Activated by small antiviral compunds, e. g. imiquinoid †¢ TLR7-mediated recognition takes place inside the late lysosomes Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) †¢ Involved in the antiviral host defense; especially on recognition of DNA viruses (HSV) †¢ Expressed in type-I INF-producing plasmacytoid DCs Phagocytic Receptors †¢ Scavenger receptors – cell-surface glycoproteins that are defined by their ability to bind to modified LDL †¢ Macrophage Mannose Receptor (MR) – type I transmembrane protein expressed primarily in macrophages; involved in phagocytosis of bacterial (MTB, P. eruginosa, K. pneumonia), fungal (S. cerevisae, C. albicans), and protozoan pathogens (P. carinii) Cells of the Innate Immune System †¢ Macrophages – most central and essential functions and have multiple roles in host defense (e. i. â€Å"housekeeping functions†); in red pulp of the spleen, it phagocytose and remove from circulation senescent RBCs †¢ Neutrophils †¢ Mast Cells – best known effectors of aller gic response; protective role is by rapid production of TNF-? nd leukotriene B4 (neutrophil recruitement) Cells of the Innate Immune System †¢ Eosinophils – found primarily in the respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts; contains cationic effector proteins toxic to parasitic worms; poor phagocytes †¢ Dendritic Cells – immature DCs reside in peripheral tissues and are highly active in macropinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis; expresses PRRs and TLRs; have roles in the initiation of adaptive immune response Cells of the Innate Immune System Suface Epithelium – lines the mucosal surfaces of the intestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts provide an important physical barrier The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System The Major Categories of Antimicrobial Effector Enzymes that hydrolyze components of microbial cell walls Antimicrobial proteins and petides that disrupt the integrity of microbial cell walls †¢ Lysozyme †¢ Chitinases †¢ Phospholipase A2 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ BPI Defensins Cathelicidins Complement Eosinophil cationic protein Microbicidal serine proteases Proteins that sequester iron and zinc Enzymes that generate toxic oxygen and nitrogen derivatives †¢ Seprocidins †¢ Lactoferrin †¢ NRAMP †¢ calprotein †¢ Phagocytic oxidase †¢ Nitric oxide synthase †¢ myeloperoxidase The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Lysozyme – a. k. a. muramidase; degrades the peptidoglycan of some gram(+) bacteria; highly concentrated in secretions such as tears and saliva †¢ Chitinases – enzymes that degrade chitin; secreted by activated macrophages and presumably play a role in antifungal defense The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Defensins – cationic peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria, fungi, parasites, and some envelope viruses; kill microorganisms by forming pores in the membranes; divided into ? – and ? defensins †¢ ? -defensins – presynthesized and stored in granules of neutrophils and Paneth cells of the small intestine †¢ ? -defensins – produced by epithelial cells and not stored in cytoplasmic granules The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Cathelicidins – active against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria and fungi; produced in neutrophils and stored as inactive proproteins in the secondary granules †¢ Serprocedins – comprise a family of cationic serine proteases with antimicrobial activity (neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, and azurocidin); exert its antimicrobial activity by either perturbation of microbial membranes or by proteolysis The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Lactoferrin, NRAMP, and Calprotectin – antimicrobial activities are due to the ability to sequester iron and zinc †¢ Lactoferrin – found in the secondary granules of neutrophils, in epithelial secretions (e. i. breast milk), in the intestinal epithelium of infants, and in airway fluids; bacteriostatic (iron sequestration) and bacteriocidal (perturbation of microbial membranes) The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) – integral membrane protein that functions as an ion pump in the phagocytic vacuoles of macrophage and neutrophils †¢ Calprotectin – member of the family of calciumbinding proteins; microbial activity is by chelation and sequestration of zinc ion ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS †¢ Soluble factors which are normal constituents that increase or decrease rapidly as produ †¢ Not a function of a single defined ph ysiologic system; rather, it is a product of multiple and diverse defense mechanisms How to cite Medical Immunology, Essay examples

The Poetic Facts Of Life Essay Example For Students

The Poetic Facts Of Life Essay Stephen Hawking is the man who has tried to explain The Universe in a Nutshell. He might deserve a prize just for a title that sums up what popular science books are all about. The metaphor for Hawking’s bid to enclose the great mystery of the universe in 200 pages contains a kernel of truth. You really could use a nutshell as a text for a sermon about creation. The hydrogen in its chemical makeup was hammered into existence 15 billion years ago, in the first seconds of time itself. The carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and so on that make up the rest of it were forged in the thermonuclear furnace of a star. In dying, this star showered an explosion of elements across the vastness of space, some of which were swept up in the formation of a new star, surrounded by a suite of nine planets, one of which was just small enough, warm enough and solid enough to act as a stage for yet more improbable events. Somewhere on this planet, in a warm little pond, or near a submarine volcano, or on a sunlit beach, chemistry became biochemistry. Life emerged from a haphazard series of chemical events. Life requires resources and energy. The first were supplied by the dust from the long-dead star, the second came from the newborn sun. Green things evolved, consuming the original atmosphere of carbon dioxide, building tissue from carbon and other elements, and discarding the oxygen as waste. Fleshy, oxygen-breathing things evolved, to feed on plants and consume oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, to keep the cycle going. So in the tissue of the nutshell there lies the whole epic of creation, from Big Bang to stardust, from nut to nuthatch. Novelists and poets look for their stories from within the human experience. Science books at their best provide a kind of crib for the true script of creation. Science writers look outwards, and decipher the narrative of time in the stars, the rocks, and the cellular tissue of life. They also emerge with a wonderfully literal kind of poetry. Our destiny may not be written in the stars, but our past certainly is. Blake sang of seeing the world in a grain of sand. Hannah Holmes – with Stephen Hawking, one of the six authors in pursuit of a ? 0,000 Aventis science book prize tonight – perhaps unconsciously picked up Blake’s idea and produced another potential winner in The Secret Life of Dust. This is an epic about the bits of dead skin, eroded mountain, pounded bone, decayed wood and burnt oil that shift across the planet every second of the day, shaping continents and shaping lives. Blake also sang of holding infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour. Hawking picked up Blake’s challenge. So did Martin Gorst, author of Aeons. Archbishop Ussher in the 17th century calculated, using the chronologies of the Bible, that the world had been created in 4004 BC. But later researchers – many of them also churchmen – looked not at books but at the writing in the dust and the rocks and the heavens and came to a different conclusion. Gradually, they pieced together an ever-expanding history of time in an ever-expanding universe, and helped put human presumption in its place: on a speck of rock circling an unimportant star in a galaxy of 100bn stars in a universe of at least 100bn galaxies. But Blake also saw heaven in a wildflower. So far, planet Earth is the only place in the universe known to have produced flowers, or intelligent animals. Robert Sapolsky, in A Primate’s Memoir, and David Horrobin, in The Madness of Adam and Eve, address the emergence of social behaviour in primates and the part schizophrenia might have played in the making of human intelligence. Both books look not at the great sweep of research into the universe but the exhilarating debate within science itself, about why humans are as they are, where they might have come from and where they might be going. .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe , .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .postImageUrl , .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe , .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe:hover , .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe:visited , .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe:active { border:0!important; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe:active , .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88ddac289ed285ca4edf0e39565fdefe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry EssayIt could be the most important lesson to be gained from popular science books: that science is as much about questions as about answers, about argument as well as about discovery. Indeed, the outsider in the Aventis prize, Rivals, by Michael White, is about the often bitter disputes that have raged within science. Pollsters from time to time show that people don’t â€Å"trust† scientists. But this could be a sign of a healthy attitude, rather than a cynical one: scientists are human, and therefore capable of folly. Science, too, moves on: Professor Hawking became the publisher’s dream author more than a decade ago when his A Brief History of Time notched up 6 million copies in hardback alone. But he would not now write the same book. That is because science is an unfolding story of an adventure that will end only when humans do. Tune in for the next episode. The annual Aventis science book prize will be announced tonight.