Roman Catholic Communion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Roman Catholic Communion - Essay Example Thus, with regards to customs, Communion will in general be a significant custom in the Roman Catholic religion. Fellowship in the Roman Catholic religion not just stretches out a feeling of having a place with the Roman Catholics around the globe, yet in addition encourages them remain associated with the basic convictions and qualities related with their religion. In the Roman Catholic Church, fellowship will in general be the source and focal point of the Roman Catholic religion. Fellowship will in general be the high purpose of any Roman Catholic mass. In the Roman Catholic Church, fellowship happens to be a significant holy observance. It is a way and intends to arrive at Jesus. The Ritual of Communion The fellowship in the Roman Catholic Church starts with an initial petition. The church leading the mass makes an indication of cross and says the initial petition. The church officially invites the adherents going to the mass and offers petitions for the prosperity of the area an d the network. After the initial supplication, the church begins the perusing of the sacred text. It should be referenced that the perusing of the sacred writing in a Catholic fellowship isn't arbitrary or heedless, yet rather it follows a ritualistic schedule. The Catholic Church has endorsed the readings for every single day of the year. This act of affiliating to a similar perusing on a specific day at the Catholic Churches set the whole way across the world, loans a feeling of network and kinship to the individuals following the Catholic religion. The perusing of the sacred writing is trailed by the Lord’s Prayer. When the Lord’s Prayer is said then starts the holy observance of fellowship. The minister offers to the adherents assembled in the Church for the mass, the globule plunged in wine, which at an emblematic level is taken to be the blood and collection of Jesus, offered to the devotees with the goal that it could make up for the transgressions submitted by them (O’Collins and Farrugia 250). It should be referenced that fellowship will in general be the most significant part of a Catholic mass. The Roman Catholic religion lectures that getting fellowship is an unquestionable requirement for the achievement of salvation. The other significant conviction related with the Roman Catholic fellowship is that lone a minister, who has been appointed in the missional progression, could show through Jesus Christ the inevitable marvel of Transubstantiation, subsequently changing the conventional bread and wine into the blood and body of the Christ. Which means and Significance of Communion It should be seen that Communion or Eucharist orders a focal spot in the Roman Catholic type of love. Immersion and Communion are the two holy observances that have been obviously referenced in the Bible. It is held that the act of Communion was really begun by Jesus Christ, and this custom is plainly recorded in the Gospels. It was Jesus Christ who star ted the act of the Last Supper where he offered bread to His followers, revealing to them that it is His body, and afterward made them drink a little wine, saying it to be His blood. Jesus advised his supporters to rehash this function and the Catholic Christians have been rehearsing this custom right from the times of early Christians. The custom of Communion owes its profound moorings to the ceremonies connection to the genuine penance of Jesus on the cross. In the New Testament one numerous multiple times run over Jesus tending to himself as a penance, along these lines pointing towards his fast approaching penance on

Human Resources Planning for Hospitality and Tourism

Graduate School Trisakti Institute of Tourism Final Assignment (Problem Solving) Course : Human Resources Planning for Hospitality and Tourism Lectrurer : Prof. Syamsir Abduh, PhD Case Study 1 Brunt Hotels, PLC, possesses in excess of 60 inns all through the United Kingdom. They as of late gained a little lodging network headquartered in France. Brunt’s CEO concluded that half of the new inns in France would be held and rebranded as a component of the Brunt Hotels Group; the other half will be sold.This will bolster Brunt’s vital target of developing the association gradually to ensure that new pursuits are all around upheld and opened on schedule and on financial plan. Brunt’s inns are viewed as spending housing; they are useful, clean and sensibly valued. Extra data about UK inn gauges is accessible at Most visitors remain for one to three evenings and are a blend of business and recreation voyagers. The inns are normally arranged in downtown areas that are eff ectively open by mass travel. Applicable materials: Hospitality and Tourism RelationshipTourists are pulled in to these inns in well known guest goals where the numerous nearby attractions imply that they won't invest a lot of energy in their lodgings. The association has chosen to utilize an ethnocentric approach and send a portion of their current UK-based administrators to France to lead the changeover of the new inns and afterward oversee them after they re-open. On the off chance that this new abroad endeavor is effective, Brunt may choose to secure other little lodging bunches in other European nations. The association might want to claim 150 inns in the following five years. Their 10-year plan is to possess 300 inns across Europe.This is an eager objective, so it is significant that the association finds a powerful equation to work effectively in different nations. The supervisory crew chooses to choose just one of the three proposed preparing programs, certain that it will be helpful and useful for the ne w ostracizes. Be that as it may, they might likewise want to offer outside help for the new exiles to make their change to another nation as smooth as could be expected under the circumstances. They know about a portion of the administrations that can be offered to help workers on both an individual and expert level, yet don't have a far reaching overview.Question: The supervisory group requests that you direct Internet-based research to discover what ostracize bolster administrations are accessible. Contextual analysis 2 (see the contextual analysis 1: Brunt Hotels) The supervisory group preferred your enrollment commercial, yet understood that they didn't think about the compensation for these new positions! Since the association has never employed chiefs to work outside the UK previously, they don't have the foggiest idea how to begin deciding the pay. They furnish you with the accompanying data that they found on the Internet: * Existing pay for supervisors is ? 0,000 (45,000 Eu ros) in addition to rewards. * Surveys show that the normal pay for inn supervisors in France is 60,000 Euros with no chance to gain rewards. The chiefs need to have a steady methodology with regards to how they remunerate exiles since they anticipate that their abroad business should extend later on. They additionally need existing representatives to be tempted into working abroad and need to have a decent scope of motivators. Question : Design a pay bundle for the lodging the executives position. Clarify the justification for your design.You may likewise incorporate non-budgetary advantages. Contextual investigation 3 This is an instance of two contending inns, Sunrise Hotel and Beachside Hotel that are both situated in a medium estimated, the travel industry based town in the Northeast U. S. The lodgings are both going after a similar arrangement of visitors, just as a similar arrangement of potential workers. They are both spending lodgings, directly nearby to one another, with 60 visitor rooms each and a perspective on the sea shore. The inhabitance during top season for the Sunrise Hotel is 98%, yet throughout the winter months goes down to 65%.The Beachside Hotel has top season inhabitance of 90% and off pinnacle inhabitance of half. Joe is the General Manager of Sunrise Hotel and has been in his present situation for a long time. He has been with Sunrise Hotel for an aggregate of 10 years. He stirred his way up at Sunrise Hotel from front work area operator to front work area chief, lastly to Assistant General Manager before he turned into the General Manager. He works superbly of screening potential representatives for his front work area territory of the inn since he understands the significance of that region of the inn, particularly in traveler areas.He additionally has motivators set up for magnificent execution of the front work area specialists and preparing and improvement programs intended to give everybody data that will assist them with carr ying out their responsibility better. There is a feeling of cooperation at Sunrise Hotel and that encourages everybody need to work superbly. His visitor fulfillment appraisals for his inn are in general magnificent. On a rating size of 1â€10, his lodging midpoints a 9. The normal length of residency of his representatives is 4 years, and his present front work area director was advanced from inside, alongside his Assistant General Manager.Because of the little size of the inn, Joe is really associated with the entirety of the recruiting choices and assists with giving preparing programs himself, alongside his initiative group. The worker turnover at the Sunrise Hotel is 25% by and large and that is basically when hourly representatives graduate secondary school or school and leave the Sunrise Hotel for a vocation elsewhere. Brian is the General Manager of the Beachside Hotel and manages a totally different circumstance. Brian was acquired from another inn in a similar inn bunch around a half year ago.He was told by his supervisor that he expected to â€Å"fix† this inn with the goal that it would begin having better consumer loyalty appraisals and more bring visitors back. In spite of the genuinely high inhabitance noted during top seasons, the off pinnacle season inhabitance is just half. Additionally noted by his chief, the inhabitance ought to be on a par with the Sunrise Hotel. Brian has been with his lodging bunch now for a long time and he came out of the bookkeeping and money office in his old inn. He has an incredible comprehension of the numbers in the housing business, however has not been engaged with the human asset parts of the job.The turnover of hourly representatives at Beachside Hotel is 120% and that implies that Brian is continually running the lodging in need of help and with new workers. The Beachside Hotel has been doing the employing through a human asset professional in the inn that was placed in the position since she truly couldn't deal with serving visitors at the front work area quite well. Mary was elevated to HR a year prior after she had one such a large number of quarrels with the visitors at the front work area. The proprietor of the lodging needed to ensure that she would not drive any of different visitors mad, so he elevated her to a HR practitioner.Since that time, she has been caught up with attempting to stay aware of recruiting and she possesses had no energy for preparing representatives. Since she is so occupied, checks regularly come out to workers late, there are no approaches recorded for representatives to use as a guide for execution, clients are dealt with severely by new and inadequately prepared representatives, and the divisions of the lodging don't convey adequately and in this manner everybody accuses every other person when things turn out badly. The normal length of residency of the front work area operators at the Beachside Hotel is 3 months and the consumer loyalty ratin g at the Beachside is a 6 out of a 10 potential rating.Most of the front work area specialists that are employed originated from different lodgings in the territory after they quit or are terminated. Brian isn't engaged with the recruiting for the lodging by any stretch of the imagination, and doesn't engage with preparing and improvement. He goes through the majority of his days taking a gander at the money related reports for the lodging and breaking down normal every day rate, inhabitance rates, and REVPAR. Brian realizes that he has numerous issues to manage thus he goes to the Sunrise Hotel to watch things over yonder for some time. He sees an upbeat group and converses with Joe about how he is making that happen.Joe is glad to help, however needs Brian to return and watch his workers first and think of ways that he explicitly can help manage Brian. Questions: 1. What could Brian gain from Joe as far as the human capital parts of running a lodging? 2. What human asset arranging activities could be attempted by either the Sunrise Hotel or Beachside Hotel so as to help with the general execution of their particular associations? Accessible from:| Monday, 3 December 2012, 07:00 AM| Due date:| Monday, 3 December 2012, 12:30 PM|

How to Write Research Paper PDF - Tips to Help You

How to Write Research Paper PDF - Tips to Help YouIf you are in charge of creating documentation for your organization, you need to understand how to write research paper. Research paper is an important document that comes out from your studies.To write a research paper, you need to know the best way to research for your paper. It is not the same when you will be writing your textbook as when you will be writing your research paper. In this case, the structure of your research paper is very important.To help you with this, I have written this article on how to write research paper PDF. The first thing that you should do is find the right topic of the research paper. Many times, you can find the topic of your paper by reading the information on the school or department website. If there is no such information, you can just browse through the internet and take note of the different keywords that are used in searching for the subject of your paper. When you are done with this, you can c opy those keywords.After you have chosen the topic of your research paper, you have to start to research the keywords. After you have researched for a while, you will have a list of keywords that you can use in writing your research paper. You will also need to keep a pen and paper on hand to jot down all the keywords that you have found.Now, for the best way to write a research paper PDF, you need to create a format that can be easily edited later. One good idea is to write all the keywords that you have found using your pen and paper. When you are finished, you can erase the information. The next time you will write the paper, you can write the keywords again using the pen and paper.Now, that you have your keywords ready, you can now write the body of your research paper. You will need to include the main objective of your paper, the main research topic that you are going to cover, the introduction of your paper, and the conclusion of your paper. The introduction will tell your re aders how the research paper came about and the main research topic that you are going to cover.When you are writing your research paper, you need to include keywords that are related to the content of your paper. For example, you will use the term 'resource' when you are writing a paper on the research about certain business organizations. However, if you are writing a paper on health care organizations, you will need to place 'medical organizations'medical business' as the keywords.This will help you create the best format to how to write research paper PDF. When you are done, you can then search for keywords that can help you write the paper. You can also use the tips mentioned above, to write the paper.

The Cost of Security - Literature Essay Samples

In a country where many are free to learn what they please, express themselves and feel a vast range of emotions, it is an outlandish thought to have these simple freedoms restricted or even relinquished. Lois Lowry’s The Giver follows Jonas, a boy who begins to question his perfect society devoid of any troubles when he receives memories of the past as part of his job Receiver of Memory. The community gives up the freedom of its people in favor of security, which results in ignorance of the past, and an inability to perceive the future. Relinquishing freedom makes emotion non-existent. It raises the question; is it truly worth erasing the freedom to learn, to experience the world, and to feel emotions in favor of security? The government of Jonas’ community greatly restricts the range of knowledge that can be acquired within the education system; here, the education of young people revolves around giving up their own individuality in order to retain Sameness and to keep order within the community. Because of their Sameness-centered education, no one learns of the past and no one can think beyond the set parameters of the community. This indoctrination makes sure that everyone has a place in society, and it also makes sure that no individual is capable of disrupting the order with his/her own thoughts or concepts that conflict with Sameness. Citizens are so ignorant of any other method of thought, that even Jonas does not realize how ignorant he is until he learns of family and love in a memory of Christmas. Jonas states, â€Å"I just didn’t realize there was any other way until I received that memory† (157). He did not know that there was any other way to live their lives, and he d id not even know what Christmas was or what love was prior to receiving that memory, which just goes to show how limiting their memories are. Because of this security, no one can be free inside his or her mind. How does one perceive the world on a physical level? The answer is with their senses and their thoughts. How can one perceive if both their thoughts and senses are incapacitated? It is a trick question; it is not a person who can perceive, but, rather, it is the illusion of perception. In other cases, the community in The Giver pushes back against basic facts of life that most free societies never question. No one in Jonas’ community can see color or hear music, which seems to be harmless enough. Color is an expected amenity in a typical person’s life, but in such a controlled environment, it can be overlooked, and music can be seen as a distraction from an orderly lifestyle. However, it goes a bit further than being able to discern between the color of hair or being able to listen to progressions of chords. Color allows people to be individuals with separate qualities about their bodies (hair, skin, eyes), and music allows people to express creativity. Therefore, color and music conflict with Sameness because they express individuality and choice. No one can see color or hear music because everyone is genetically modified before they are born so that they are all the same. They are essentially destined never to be different in order to keep the secur ity of the community. If people are born different in Jonas’ society, then they are released from the community via lethal injection. The narrator describes the euthanization of a twin baby, â€Å"He pushed the plunger very slowly, injecting the liquid into the scalp vein until the syringe was empty† (187). Twins are not allowed within the community because discerning between the two twins would cause confusion and frustration, two qualities the government despises. Release is also applied to adults who have outlived their use in Jonas’ community. In essence, if citizens do not meet the physical requirements deemed safe, then they are erased from the community. Emotions are what allow human beings to react and to connect to the world. Throughout a day consisting of interaction with other humans or objects, the typical human undergoes changes in emotion, ranging from exhilaration all the way to dejection. His or her emotional state depends on one’s own mental and physical experience whilst doing human things. One could argue that emotions are what define humans. Jonas’ community, however, sees emotions as a catalyst for the disruption of Sameness. Every evening each family unit must discuss their emotions with one another, and even so, their emotions are rather bland. The icing on the cake is when the reader learns that when children enter adolescence, they are given medication to keep their emotions in check. When Jonas has a dream containing sexual desires, his mother tells him, â€Å"You’re ready for the pills, that’s all. That’s the treatment for Stirrings† (48). Denizens of the community are tau ght that emotions need to be restrained and controlled with medication rather than having emotions experienced and felt. No one can discover life through feelings; their community has taken care of that. To be fair, emotions could cause feelings of unrest and anger, which are troublesome for the government. After all, how can a government retain order if the emotions of its own people do not agree with its government’s motives? Due to this decision, however, no one is much of a human being; they are more like robots that react to protocols. If a community has to sacrifice freedom to have some level of control and security over its citizens, the morality of it can be questioned, especially when it is with something as small as the ability to perceive color in order to make everyone the same. The community sees individuality as a threat to its security because an individual with his or her own desires is more unpredictable than someone whose life has been under the scrying eye of the government. What is the point of living a life if it is not one’s own to control? Sure, the community can give a disobedient miscreant or an elderly citizen a lethal dose of euthanasia, but that same person has already been starved of a life worth living. Removing freedom and implementing security only makes for more complications in a society. The community in The Giver is constantly regulating and surveilling its people, which takes time and human resources. If the community could trust its citizens, more time could be spent working on more productive projects and its citizens could live a full life. Maybe then the community could become free in a fashion similar to the democratic superpowers of the world.

Effects Of Breastfeeding On Children And Mothers - 872 Words

The Effects of Breastfeeding on Children and Mothers Breastfeeding has multiple positive effects for both the mother and the child. These effects can be in the short term and long term. Mothers who breastfeed have reduced rates of postpartum depression and a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancers. It also helps the woman’s uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size along with other benefits (Positive Effects of Breastfeeding). Breastfeeding also protects babies from numerous illnesses during infancy and later in life (How Breastfeeding Benefits You and Your Baby | BabyCenter). The more a mother nurses, the more milk will be produced. The infant suckling causes the pituitary gland to release hormones. Prolactin encourages the alveoli to take nutrients from the blood supply to turn into milk. Oxytocin causes the cells to contract and eject milk. This is called the let-down reflex. The oxytocin released is what causes the uterus to contract. It is more noticeable with numerous births, but is still felt in first time mothers. The uterus will return it to its pre-pregnancy size quicker than if breastfeeding is not done. With how often a baby nurses, it does not take too long for this to occur (Breast Milk Production†). Postpartum Depression (PPD) can occur in women after giving birth. It can show up at any time during the first year, but is generally experienced during the first weeks or months after the baby’s birth. It is more common in first time mothers, but is notShow MoreRelatedBreastfeeding : Facts And Opinions Regarding Postpartum Mothers1508 Words   |  7 PagesBreastfeeding: Facts Opinions Regarding Postpartum Mothers Abstract Key Words: Breastfeeding, Social Opinion, Postpartum Depression (PPD), Body Mass Index (BMI) According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 81.9% of delivering mothers have documented successful breastfeeding habits at the time of hospital discharge (Healthy People 2020, 2013). The view of women breastfeeding has become a topic of interest for society as a whole. Some women feel comfortable breastfeedingRead MoreThe Benefits of Breastfeeding a Child in a Long Time Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pages2013). Breastfeeding is when a women feeds her infant breast milk after 3 days of giving birth. Breast milk consists of nutrients from the mother’s blood, breast milk is known as colostrum. After the fifth day the breast produces mature milk which consists the right amount of nutrients for the baby to grow. There are many benefits of breast milk to the mother and the infant (Breastfeeding, 2011). A formula milk takes a very long time to digest as when compared to the breast milk. By breastfeeding one’sRead MoreThe Benefits Of Breastfeeding For M others875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Breastfeeding Since the invention of formula mothers have had trouble deciding how best to go about feeding their children. Each mother has their own preferred feeding technique, some of whom chose to use both feeding methods depending on the situation. For some mothers breastfeeding is not a viable option for reasons such as lactation issues, busy schedules, and secondary caregivers (Health Psychology). 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Breast milk is the ideal method to feed a growing child, which provides the necessary nutrients as vitamins, proteins, fats, as well as antibodies that helps the baby fight off bacteria and viruses. There are benefits that come from breastfeeding that would a child won’t receive from formula mixtures besides been more soluble for the baby to easily take in. The purpose of this proposal is to examine how b eneficial is breastfeeding in a growing child when mothers make the decision

The Health Problem Of Obesity Essay - 1027 Words

Obesity is perhaps the most concerning health problem our nation faces today. With national obesity rates nearing 38% for adults, we are eating ourselves into an early grave, and we are doing it in massive numbers. (State of Obesity). The National Institute of Health categorizes anyone with a body mass index between 25 and 29 as overweight, and one of 30 or higher as obese. (textbook). Being in this weight category brings along a multiplicity of health issues, both physical and mental. An increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and cancer are just a few of the diseases that are directly linked with obesity. (NIH risks). Additionally, there have been detrimental large scale effects to the US economy. For instance, an increase in healthcare cost can be traced to increased obesity rates throughout the nation. (econ). Although appearing bleak at first glance, there is an increased awareness in America that seeks to eliminate this problem before it spreads further. The 1980à ¢â‚¬â„¢s are often cited as the inception of the modern obesity crisis. According to Livestrong.com, â€Å"researchers point to the increase in fat and sugar intake†¦ that began with the initial goal of reducing malnutrition by providing a low-cost source of calories.† (Livestrong). However, we can see obesity related press as early as the late 1940’s in TIME magazine. They ran articles showing concern that â€Å"Some five million Americans,† were â€Å"medically considered obese,† and â€Å"20 million Americans classed asShow MoreRelatedObesity And Chronic Health Problems With Obesity1660 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the film, there are a number of explanations presented as to why Americans overeat, resulting in an epidemic of obesity and chronic health problems related to weight. According to the film, obesity is the second largest cause of death in the United States (smoking being number one). 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Over the last three decades, these health issues have continued to rise, causing younger and younger children to be diagnosed with serious long-term disorders like Type II diabetes, asthma, sleep apnea, and cardiac disorders such as hypertension. In addition, there is the opportunity for psychological and behavioral problems associated with social discrimination basedRead MoreHealth Problem Of Diabetes And Obesity1182 Words   |  5 PagesPublic Health Problem Diabetes is a deficiency in the body’s ability to metabolize sugar. Insulin is the hormone which typically regulates this process. There are two types of diabetes. The first is type 1. This is caused due to a failure in the insulin producing cells of the pancreas and is diagnosed when a person is young. Type 2 diabetes is the more common diabetes. It can be diagnosed at any time and occurs when blood glucose levels begin to rise higher than normal. 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Importance Change Management in Businessâ€Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Identify and analyse the time, cost and quality impacts of the change upon the project and the techniques used to manage them 2.Identify options to satisfy the change request and any associated risks for each change 3.Complete the change request/control form provided or one that is used from a workplace. 4.Explain the term scope creep and use examples from your group discussions of tools and techniques that can be used to manage scope creep. Answers: Introduction This report depicts the importance of using change management in a business organization as per the changing requirement of the consumers and of the employees also. This particular report is strictly focused on Bostons Central Artery or Tunnel project that is commonly known as the Big Dig. This is one of the largest as well as complex projects in American history. This particular project is famous for the cost enhancement. In order to develop the successful change management in this project it is necessary to get support from the stakeholders in terms of environment, processes, culture, relationship and behavior. The current state of the project can also be determined with the help of proper change management. Then after analyzing the desired position of the change management, the plans must be incorporated in the organization. Certain steps are needed to be followed by the management authority of the business organization to acquire the desired change. The impact of time, cost and q uality for managing the changes, the associated risks and the relevant term that is scope creep is also elaborated in this report. 1.Identification and analysis the impact of time, cost and quality for successful project implementation It has been found that the major problems associated to the Big Dig project are its methods and addressed issues with the blueprint and design approaches. The subsurface conditions relevant to the project are absolutely underestimated. Huge cost escalation occurred for determining the project risks and management problems. Even for preventing those risks different strategies were implemented those influenced the time, cost and quality of the project. Statement of work, project schedule, acceptance criteria and the functional components are the most important things those are needed to be considered before bringing any kind of changes in an organization (Flyvbjerg, 2013). Even, if anyone joins the team after certain time then he or she must go through the developed project details. In order to bring desired changes in an organization it is necessary for the finance manager of the project to estimate the budget properly. After considering the project activities besides cost a time shou ld also be estimated. If the estimated time exceeds then the budget will also overflow. In addition to this, quality is another important thing that is strictly required to be considered by the management authority (Goetsch Davis, 2014). Quality of both products and services are necessary to be maintained to gain competitive advantages and measurable revenue as well. 2.Identification of options for satisfying change request and the risks associated to it It has been found that, different risks are associated to the organizational structure while bringing any kind of changes for any project. In order to satisfy the desired changes different options should be identified of a particular project (Hazen et al., 2014). For designing any project with accuracy and perfection the manger must focus on certain basic areas such as: Determining the causes for cost escalation Project work planning Designing the Big Dig project construction associated risks Development of underground utility protection Utility program improvement in terms of safety, quality, schedule budget and time. Development of a strong working relationship Improvement f project organizational structure Centralized decision making Quality management The value development by partnering Issues might be associated to the project baseline or project events. Natural disaster or request from the stakeholders might be the risks (Rennstam Karreman, 2014). The changes and issues associated to it are as follows: Requested change Issues Partnering It is needed to be must focused for determining the root of the risks. Involvement of sub contractors The subcontractors should be involved in the partnering period (Suma LakshmiMadhuri, 2013). Continuous change Continuous changes and thorough oversight are essential. 3.Requested change and control management In order to meet the requested changes control management and monitoring re referred to as the most important factors that must be considered. The necessary steps include: Requested changes Completion steps Design Changes Original change Ground-water conditions, weak soil and safety issues. Hence, the big dig project had a requirement for these changes. Reason behind the demanded change The safety changes would bring about the success for the project. Success condition It is expected that the changes would be completing the projects and the overall conditions of the project would be changed. Expected completion It is expected that the safety changes would be applied for the project and a strong working relationship would be developed Expected values Submission of review for change management Defining option for creating response document Number of name and option Proposed solution Timelines Impact Final decision and project approval - 4.Explaining scope creep using example Scope creep Scope creep is referred to as a process that is helpful to anticipate the original size of the project by which it is expected to grow. Example and Tools used for managing scope creep In order to manage a scope creep different tools and techniques should be used based upon the type of a business (Petti, Briones Long, 2014). Example: In the present report we can consider the case of the Big Dig project. Some the utilities that were to be used were 150 years old and hence, they were to be replaced. The machines that built indicated complete lack of knowledge of the condition and the locations. Hence, they were to be replaced by the newer utility programs that would be resolving the issues and provide an efficient problems to the situation. Tools: For mitigating this issue, the tools and techniques used include: Detail analysis Out of control project management Thorough investigation on project vision Understanding project priority Defining project drivers Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that in order to meet the requirement of the consumers and for gaining competitive advantages identification of proper time, cost and quality are very much necessary for Big Dig construction project. On the other hand, for satisfying the desired changes in the project accurate tools should be incorporated. The term scope creep is also illustrated to complete the requested changes. Usage of certain tools and techniques are also illustrated in this report References Arjalies, D. L., Mundy, J. (2013). The use of management control systems to manage CSR strategy: A levers of control perspective.Management Accounting Research,24(4), 284-300. Flyvbjerg, B. (2013). Quality control and due diligence in project management: Getting decisions right by taking the outside view.International Journal of Project Management,31(5), 760-774. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hazen, B. T., Boone, C. A., Ezell, J. D., Jones-Farmer, L. A. (2014). Data quality for data science, predictive analytics, and big data in supply chain management: An introduction to the problem and suggestions for research and applications.International Journal of Production Economics,154, 72-80. Petti, F. R., Briones, P. L., Long, W. (2014). Scope Creep: What Are the Limits Under IGRA on State Powers to Regulate Ancillary Non-Gaming Business Ventures.Gaming Law Review and Economics,18(1), 19-29. Rennstam, J., Krreman, D. (2014, August). Control work in complex organizations: Constructive disobedience, translation and peer reviewing in a hightech firm. yearly Academy of Management conference, Philadelphia, PA. Suma, V., LakshmiMadhuri, K. (2013). Influence of Scope Creep on Project Success: AComparative Study between Conventional ApproachVerses Agile Approach. InIEEE International Conference on Advanced research in Engineering and Technology (ICARET).

King Lear - Evil Essays - Films, King Lear, Operas, Good And Evil

King Lear - Evil In the King Lear play, Shakespeare creates many conditions in which humans live in the world. The main characters in the play are used to portray Shakespeare's ideas. One of these ideas which Shakespeare is trying to portray is evil between the characters and in the world which are emphasized throughout the play. The evil, created by humans, is outweighed by good in the world of King Lear. Evil was created by humans who decided to do wrong to others. Duke of Albany, said that all evil people will be justly punished (ACT V, iii, 303). Albany indicated that it is the people who caused evil and people decided to do evil, not gods. Lear believes that since Edgar is out on the heath he must have given everything to his daughters as well (ACT III, iv, 62ff). Since he believes that Edgar gave everything to evil Lear must believe that people are the cause of evil. It were Lear's daughters who decided to do wrong to Lear and it was Lear's fault in giving away all of his land. Si ughters are the humans in the play, it is the humans who caused the evil and Lear believes that humans were the ones who created evil. Edgar, is another character in the play who believes that evil is caused by humans and not the gods. Edgar said, "The gods are just, and of our peasant vices make instruments to plague us" (ACT V, iii, 169). Edgar clearly says that the gods are right and it is the people who are responsible for promoting evil in the world. It is us who make the instruments necessary for evil to spread and plague the world. In the world of King Lear many characters believe evil was caused by the people and not by the gods. Even though evil was created by humans good will always exist. After King Lear was captured he showed that even if evil exists, good will always be present. Lear speaks about love with Cordelia in the prison cell and how they will still have each other despite of the evil around them (ACT V, iii, 8). On another occasion Lear also says that despite all the evil in the world the raw nature, which is good, is still unharmed (ACT IV, iv, 90-92). Lear discovers nature's beauty by playing with the mice and listening to the signing birds. While all the evil is at its peak and everything seems to be lost, the raw nature in the play is unharmed. The good exists even while the evil dominates the world. Good will not only exist if evil dominates, good will also outweigh evil eventually. The war which was lost by Cordelia and Lear, the good side, showed evil win (ACT V, ii). However, good over powered it after the war by Duke of Albany. The good in the play first was diminished to almost nothing but in the end more good was able to defeat evil in the play. When the two sisters began fighting between each other evil began fighting against evil (ACT V, i and iii). Eventually, because of that fighting between evil, good was able to over power evil. When the evil seemed strong and good almost non-existent, evil managed to fight itself and give good a chance to get stronger. At the end of the play evil was completely defeated and good once again dominated the world in the play. Although evil will always be present and people will be the reason why it exists, good will always outweigh evil. Through the characters, Shakespeare is able to portray how evil and man compose in the world. The evil will always exist but good will always win and dominate in the world of King Lear.

Asian Values and Clash of the Cultures essays

Asian Values and Clash of the Cultures essays Asian values and clash of the cultures In the early 1990s, Europe watched enviously as the Asian Tigers grew exponentially. We asked ourselves: what lessons can Europe learn from Asia? After the crash, the question was reversed: what lessons can Asia learn from Europe? (http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/patten/speech_00_278.htm, Speech by Chris Patten, Seoul, 20 July 2000) Western newspapers, radio and television stations, research institutes and universities have had much more to say about Asian values lately than Asian themselves. And usually it isnt in positive context. The idea of an "Asian Values" is actually very new. National traditions have been strong and rooted in peoples' perceptions. But the sense of a regional identity and shared heritage is a notion of today. Recently many Asian countries have started to praise Asian Values. There is many reasons for that but the strongest one have to be that they feel threatened by the sudden influence of Western culture and demands for democratisation and liberalisation as a result of their economic expansion. Though we have to remember that different kinds of anti-western attitudes, especially towards Europe has occurred since the end of the colonialism. Some of the Asia Countries leaders criticised the West for refusing to accept the legitimacy of Asian values. They argue that the reason is that West cannot accept that East Asia is becoming a centre of World power. Further more, they believe that psychological revolution is taking place in East Asia as soon as Asians recover from their colonial past and are discovering that they can do things as good as, or even better than the West. Asian Values, such as hard work, loyalty, and an emphasis on society's needs, have often been considered as a main reason for Asias economic growth and success in recent decades. West anyhow has challenged this believe by asking why didn&apo...

1000 word justification of an assessment event implemented in the Essay

1000 word justification of an assessment event implemented in the workplace - Essay Example Rowntree (1987) stated that the purpose of an â€Å"assessment involves selection-formative or summative, maintaining standards-continuity of care and delivery, motivation of students-encouraging learning by questioning and quizzing. Feedback to students-performance can be a means of helping them learn and preparation of life-to utilize in future needs†. A comprehensive assessment consists of a formative and a summative assessment. Formative assessment refers to the process of ascertaining the student’s progress during a period of study (Welsh & Swann 2002). This was accomplished by asking the student to summarise the practical steps for clarification, and determining understanding of the task. This allowed the student to use social learning (Banura 1977 cited in Quinn 1997) and apply previous knowledge to successfully complete the task. Doing this it allowed the student to practice without the stress of being formally graded (Welsh & Swann 2002). Also, a formative assessment allows the student to obtain feedback on their performance and progress, which could be used in the summative assessment. Giving feedback can reinforce positive and negative elements of performance. It is vital to give feedback as soon as possible after the event. Feedback should also be given fairly promptly if it is to affect the student’s performance and ability to complete the skill safely. Feedback is essential because it gives the student the opportunity to ask questions and participate in discussions. Feedback supports the student’s acquisition of the task at hand. The assessment that the student participated in had to cover the set criteria listed in presentation provided by the mentor (Appendix 1). The desired outcome would be that the student demonstrated safe performance of newly acquired skills, knowledge and attitudes. The goal of the assessment focused on integrating theory into practice. Testing the student’s grasp of theory and

Discuss comfort zone and phase theories in business environment Essay

Discuss comfort zone and phase theories in business environment - Essay Example In performance management, motivation and anxiety are useful tools which are of great help since both are behaviorally subsets of stress. Both anxiety and motivation are constructive in different circumstances. In a certain scenario, introduction of anxiety might be appropriate while in another case, motivation may be most suitable. However, when excessive motivation or anxiety is used, it may decelerate performance because of too much stress. In order to be able to maximize performance in a given team or individuals an organization uses the appropriate management style in the various phases. If inappropriate management style is put to use on matters of people management, it may result to very poor performance. When utilizing performance enhancing steps, the new performance cycle should be at the point where the older cycle began to decelerate. The comfort zone The comfort zone is known to be a state of behavior whereby, an individual operates in a condition which is anxiety- neutral . In this state, an individual strives to deliver a level of performance which remains steady while using a limited set of behaviors without any sense of risk. This means that the level of performance remains constant as long as the anxiety or the applied skills does not change. In case the skills applied or the anxiety is altered, the end result will be either an upward or downwards change in the level of performance. The impact of anxiety on performance was investigated by Yerkes and Dodson. They found out that performance can be improved by anxiety to a point where, a given level of arousal has been reached (attained). However, performance begins to drop as the levels of anxiety gets higher and higher. The conclusion is that performance may be improved by increase in anxiety, but performance may also decrease when anxiety becomes excess (intolerable). In either case, an individual will be forced to move out their comfort zone and react to new stimuli. In terms of performance mana gement, improvement of performance as a result of increased anxiety is a good thing and is normally referred to a state of arousal. This state of arousal is defined as being the optimal performance zone, which all managers should strive to achieve to improve performance in their companies. However, the level of anxiety that causes performance deterioration is defined as being a good thing or danger zone. The research conducted by McCelland, Atkinson et al, on motivation illustrated the same relationship between motivation and performance. Carnall, when dealing with management of change came up with the correlation between individual’s performance and their own self esteem. Considering stress Carnall found out that stress increases an individual’s performance until a given level is attained. Beyond this given level, performance decelerates with increase levels of stress introduced to a worker. This continues until a given level where performance can enter into a free fa ll as behavior becomes unstable. The following model is developed from the above conclusion. The smallest circle illustrates the comfort zone, while the larger circle illustrates the optimal performance zone. Outside the two ovals is the danger zone that stress can lead an employee to. This illustrates that in a comfort zone, a slight increase in anxiety can bring an individual to a danger zone, however,

True Cost of Mega-Retailers Essay Example for Free

True Cost of Mega-Retailers Essay The phenomenon of big box economics brings with several ethical concerns that taint its most favorable effect, that of bringing lower-priced goods to the American market. Whether manufacturers who produce these goods keep their factories on United States soil or abroad, many of the persons who work within them suffer under conditions that no American would be required to endure. On American soil, such workers (who are likely to be illegal immigrants) are often paid at the lowest rates possible, and along with this comes the lack of accompanying benefits, such as health or accident insurance (Mitchell, 36). Many manufacturers are often drawn to foreign soil because minimum wages are much lower in some countries, making the costs of production fall to a level that increases their profit margins significantly. Despite the fact that higher profit margins lead to greater overall taxes paid to the government, these practices do impact negatively on the American economy. One way in which this negative impact is felt is through the removal of jobs from the American arena into other countries. Many of these factories employ thousands of workers, and each of them represents one unemployed American that would otherwise be contributing to the overall national income (GDP) of the country. This negatively affects the unemployment rate within the country, and therefore counteracts the aforementioned positive benefits in the area of taxes by making it necessary for the government to pay out unemployment benefits. The employment of low-paid immigrants or the outsourcing of jobs also forces Americans to settle for lower wages, as any refusal to accept these would simply induce manufacturers to apply to the overabundance of these foreigners. This leads to a lower standard of living for Americans. One researcher has also shown that big-box retailers whose low-cost commodities put local retailers out of business also hurt the local banks, which traditionally have strong relationships with the small retailers (Mitchell, 42). In America’s banking crisis today, such retailers are likely to continue exacerbating the economic problem, making it that much more difficult for the economy to recover from recession. Reference Mitchell, S.. Big-box Swindle: The True Cost of Mega-Retailers and the Fight for America’s Independent Businesses. Boston: Beacon Press, 2006

The Perfect Couple in Woman in White Essay -- Wilkie Collins Woman in

The Perfect Couple  in Woman in White  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Woman in White, the author gives the reader many opportunities to find their favorite romantic plot. The reader is left to wonder which characters are well suited for each other. We are given the choices of the gentlemanly Walter and the feminine Laura or Laura and the deceitful Sir Percival. It seems to this reader that the author gave us the answer to the puzzling perfect couple question; only, the perfect couple is really a perfect trio- Walter, Laura, and Marian. Walter did not have to make a choice between the two main female characters because they made it for him. It is obvious that Laura and Marian complete each other. We see that whatever qualities Laura lacks, Marian has, and vice versa. These two women combine to make the perfect woman. Let us first examine Laura. Walter seems to fall in love with Laura at first sight. She is the image of the perfect Victorian woman. She is beautiful, rich, and pliant. She is willing to do whatever it takes to make other people happy. She has a dee...

Fantasy Books

What if you discovered a magic spring that would keep you forever as young and vital as the day you drank from it- would you partake it? Fantasy represents that which is impossible and outside the parameters of our known reality. Although some people believe that fantasy books, movies and TV shows are corrupting the minds of teens nevertheless fantasy books should be read because they teach the difference between good and bad. Fantasy books often tend to be very appealing to teenagers and help develop their personality, which is why a lot of teenagers who previously never used to read books started reading books.Reading fantasy books such as Harry Potter and twilight instills love for reading books in young teens. These adolescents can partially relate to some of these stories, as most of the characters of the novels are the same age as the readers. Hence, teenagers undergo a similar experience, though they are restricted by realities of life. These books tend to be a temporary escap e from daily life. This is evident from the fact that before Harry Potter it was usually unheard of kids queuing in front of book shops to buy books (CITATION . Teens are interested in reading books that let them explore the world beyond their immediate surroundings. It helped them think out of the box. This allowed them to dream much bigger than they could ever before. It also develops critical reading skills of the teenagers which later helps in their academics. For example reading lengthy books such as Harry Potter, not only increases the reading speed of these children but also helps them read effectively when in class, as it helps them save time.Therefore it is beneficial not detrimental for teenagers to read fantasy books as it instills in them the habit of reading from an early age which later helps them in life. Fantasy books and movies increase the imagination and creativity of teens. When a teenager reads fantasy books and watches fantasy movies, the thought provoking natu re of his/her mind is triggered. It makes the reader intrigued by what is happening in the plot, and what will happen? They will want to speculate the story and be surprised by what they read.This increases the sensible predicting capacity of an individual. According to UK’s fantasy book reviews, fantasy books such as Earthsea Saga (CITATION5) Fantasies allow readers to consider and speculate painful realistic themes sometimes in a way that is more acceptable than in reality. This enables them Therefore teenagers are interested in reading books that let them explore the world beyond their immediate surroundings. It helps them think outside the box. This allows them to dream bigger than they could ever before.These books and movies allow teenagers to see how different situations instigate different emotions in people and how can they be overcome. Although critics argue that reading fantasy corrupts young minds, however Fantasy books and television shows can often be productive . This is because fantasy books help develop the young minds, rather than corrupt them. They help individuals think outside the box, and go beyond what they see in their daily lives. They . They develop values, and desire and passion for excellence. For example, inFantasy books and movies often portray being part of the good team as a norm that is supported by society and almost always results in a good outcome, whereas evil leads one astray and leads to eventual defeat and shamefulness*. This is evident from fantasy movies such as Spiderman and Batman. For example in Batman, Firstly, it is believed by certain sections of society that reading fantasy books and seeing television shows do not develop but rather corrupt young minds. This view is often supported through examples such as Twilight and the need

The Violence Prevention Alliance - 981 Words

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What Drives Adult Personality Development - 1542 Words

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Capturing Real Life in Jane Austens Emma Essay - 2772 Words

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Medical Immunology Free Essays

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY SEROLOGY Terence L. Eday, RMT, MT(ASCPi), MPH College of Medical Technology / Medical Laboratory Science University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Historical Perspective †¢ 1773, Voltaire reported on an ancient Chinese custom where dried and powdered small pox scabs were inhaled †¢ 1798, Edward Anthony Jenner, Smallpox vaccination †¢ 1862, Ernst Haekel, Recognition of phagocytosis 1877, Paul Erlich, recognition of mast cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1879, Louis Pasteur, Attennuated chicken cholera vaccine development †¢ 1883, Ellie Metchnikoff developed the cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis; phagocytic theory; cellular theory of vaccination †¢ 1885, Pasteur discovered therapeutic vaccination; first report of live â€Å"attenuated† vaccine for rabies Historical Perspective 1888, Pierre Roux Alexander Yersin, Bacterial toxins (Yersinia pestis) †¢ 1888, George Nuttall, Bactericidal action of blood †¢ 189 0, Emil von Behring and Kitasata introduced passive immunization into modern medicine; humoral theory of immunity †¢ 1891, Robert Koch demonstrated the cutaneous (delayed-type) hypersensitivity †¢ 1894, Richard Pfeiffer, Bacteriolysis Historical Perspective (1 of 6 ) 1895, Jules Bordet, Complement and antibody activity in bacteriolysis †¢ 1900, Paul Ehrlich, responsible for the antibody formation theory †¢ 1901, Karl Landsteiner, A, B, and O †¢ 1901-8, Carl Jensen Leo Loeb, Transplantable tumors †¢ 1902, Paul Portier Charles Richet, Anaphylaxis Historical Perspective (1 of 6 ) †¢ 1903, Nicolas Maurice Arthus, discovered the Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity †¢ 1903, Almroth Wright and Stewart Douglas observed the humoral component, opsonin †¢ 1906, Clemens von Pirquet, coined the word allergy †¢ 1907, Svante Arrhenius, coined the term immunochemistry Historical Perspective †¢ 1910, Emil von Dungern, Ludwik Hirszfeld, Inheritance of ABO blood groups †¢ 1910, Peyton Rous, Viral immunology theory †¢ 1914, Clarence Little, Genetics theory of tumor transplantation †¢ 1915-20, Leonll Strong Clarence Little, Inbred mouse strains Historical Perspective †¢ 1917, Karl Landsteiner, Haptens †¢ 1921, Carl Prausnitz Heinz Kustner, Cutaneous reactions †¢ 1924, L. Aschoff, Reticuloendothelial system †¢ 1926, Loyd Felton GH Bailey, Isolation of pure antibody preparation †¢ 1938, John Marrack, Antigen-antibody binding hypothesis Historical Perspective 1936, Peter Gorer, Identification of the H2 antigen in mice †¢ 1940, Karl Landsteiner Alexander Weiner, Identification of the Rh Antigens †¢ 1941, Albert Coons, Immunofluorescence technique †¢ 1942, Jules Freund Katherine McDermott, Adjuvants †¢ 1942, Karl Landsteiner Merill Chase, Cellular transfer of sensitivity in guinea pigs (anaphylaxis) Historical Perspective †¢ 1944, Peter Medwar, Immunological hypothesis of allograft rejection †¢ 1948, Astrid Fagraeus, Demonstration of antibody production in plasma B cells †¢ 1948, George Snell, Congenic mouse lines †¢ 1949, Macfarlane Burnet Frank Fenner, Immunological tolerance hypothesis Historical Perspective †¢ 1950, Richard Gershon and K Kondo, Discovery of supressor T cells †¢ 1952, Ogden and Bruton, discovery of agammaglobulinemia (antibody immunodeficiency) †¢ 1953, Morton Simonsen and WJ Dempster, Graft-versus-host reaction †¢ 1953, James Riley Geoffrey West, Discovery of histamine in mast cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1953, Rupert Billingham, Leslie Brent, Peter Medwar, Milan Hasek, Immunological tolerance hypothesis †¢ 1955-1959, Niels Jerne, David Talmage, Macfarlane Burnet, Clonal Selection Theory †¢ 1957, Ernest Witebsky et all. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Immunology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Induction of autoimmunity in animals †¢ 1957, Alik Isaacs Jean Lindemann, Discovery of interferon (cytokine) Historical Perspective †¢ 1958-62, Jean Dausset et al. , Human leukocyte antigens †¢ 1959-62, Rodney Porter et al. , Discovery of antibody structure †¢ 1959, James Gowans, Lympocyte circulation †¢ 1961-62, Jaques Miller et al. , Discovery of thymus involvement in cellular immunity †¢ 1961-62, Noel Warner et al. , Disctinction of cellular and humoral immune response Historical Perspective †¢ 1963, Jacques Oudin et al. Antibody isotypes †¢ 1964-68, Anthony Davis et al. , T and B cell cooperation in immune response †¢ 1965, Thomas Tomasi et al. , Secretory immunoglobulin antibodies †¢ 1967, Kimishige Ishizaka et al. , Identification of IgE as the reaginic antibody Historical Perspective †¢ 1971, Donald Bailey, Recombinant inbred mouse strains †¢ 1972, Gerald M. Edelman Rodney Porter, Identification of antibody molecul e †¢ 1974, Rolf Zinkernagel Peter Doherty, MHC restriction †¢ 1975, Kohler and Milstein, First monoclonal antibodies used in genetic analysis Historical Perspective †¢ 1984, Robert Good, Failed treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID, David the bubble boy) by bone marrow grafting †¢ 1985, Tonegawa, Hood et al. , Identification of immunoglobulin genes †¢ 1985-1987, Leroy Hood et al. , Identification of genes for the T cell receptor †¢ 1986, Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine Historical Perspective †¢ 1986, Mosmann, Th1 versus Th2 model of T-helper-cell function †¢ 1990, Yamamoto et al. Molecular differences between the genes for blood groups O and A and between those for A and B †¢ 1990, NIH team, Gene therapy for SCID using cultured T cells †¢ 1993, NIH team, Treatment of SCID using genetically altered umbilical cord cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1996-1998, Identification of toll-like receptors †¢ 2001, FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory-T-cell development †¢ 2005, Frazer, Development of human papilloma-virus vaccine The IMMUNE SYTEM What is Immunology? â⠂¬ ¢ Study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) material †¢ †¦ ow body components respond and interact †¢ †¦desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions †¢ †¦ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease What is Immunity? †¢ Latin word â€Å"immunitas†, freedom from †¢ It refers to all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body. †¢ Can be either natural (innate or inborn) or acquired (adaptive) Function of the Immune System †¢ Recognize â€Å"self† from â€Å"nonself† †¢ Defend the body against nonself Physiologic function is to prevent infection and to eradicate established infections (sterilizing immunity) Key Characteristics of the Immune System †¢ Innate immunity †¢ Primary response †¢ Sec ondary response and immunologic memory †¢ Immune response is highly specific †¢ Immune system is tolerant of self-antigens †¢ Immune responses against self-antigens can result in autoimmune diseases †¢ Immune responses against infectious agents do not always lead to elimination of the pathogen (HIV/AIDS) Major Principles of Immunity (immune response): Elimination of many microbial agents through the nonspecific protective mechanisms of the innate immune system. †¢ Cues from the innate immune system inform the cells of the adaptive immune system as to whether it is appropriate to make a response and what type of response to make. Major Principles of Immunity (immune response): †¢ Cells of the adaptive immune system display exquisitely specific recognition of foreign antigens and mobilize potent mechanisms for elimination of microbes bearing such antigens. The immune system displays memory of its previous responses. †¢ Tolerance of self-antigens. Cel ls of the Immune System †¢ Lymphocytes – occupy the central stage; determines the specificity of immunity †¢ Dendritic cells (DCs) Langerhan cells †¢ Monocyte/macrophages †¢ Natural killer (NK) cells †¢ Neutrophils †¢ Mast cells Basophils †¢ Eosinophils †¢ Epithelial and stromal cells – provides anatomic environment (secretion of critical factors that regulate migration, growth and homeostasis) Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Primary Lymphoid Organs Sites where pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes mature into naive T and B cells in the absence of foreign antigen; †¢ Fetal Liver, Adult bone marrow, and thymus The INNATE IMMUNE SYTEM INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM †¢ relies on germ line-encoded receptors to detect a limited set of microbial structures that are uniquely associated with microbial infection †¢ not a function of a single defined physiologic system; rather, it is a product of multiple and diverse defense mechanisms Modules of the Innate Immune System †¢ Surface epithelium The phagocyte system – critical for the defense against both intracellular and extracellular bacteria as well as fungal pathogens; aided by opsonins †¢ Acute phase response and complement – variety of secreted proteins that function in the circulation and in tissue fluids; secreted by the hepatocytes in response to the inflammatory cytokines IL1 and IL-6 Modules of the Innate Immune System †¢ Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized in the elimination of infected host cells and in aiding defense against viral and other intracellular infections through production of cytokines(IFN-? ; regulated by type I interferons (IFN-? /? ) †¢ Mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils are specialized in defense against multicellular parasites, such as helminthes; regulated by several cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 Strategies of Innate Immune Recognition 1. Recognition of microbial nonself – ref erred to as pattern recognition, based on the recognition of molecular structures that are unique to microorganisms and not produced by the host 2. Recognition of missing self – based on the recognition of molecules expressed only on normal, uninfected cells of the host Targets of Innate Immune Recognition †¢ PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) – molecular structures produced by microbial pathogens, but not by the host organism †¢ PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) – receptors of the innate immune system and represents targets of the innate immune system Targets of Innate Immune Recognition Examples of PAMPs include: (1) LPS of gram-negative bacteria (2) LTA of gram-positive bacteria (3) Peptidoglycans (4) Lipoproteins of bacteria (cell wall) (5) Lipoarabinomannan of mycobacteria (6) dsRNA produced by virus during the infection cycle (7) ? -glucans and mannans found in fungal cell wall Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Broad categories of PRRs: (1) PRRs that signal the presence of infection; expressed on the cell surface or intracellularly Categories of gene products: a. pr oteins and peptides that have direct antimicrobial effector functions (antimicrobial peptides and lysozyme) b. nflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-8) c. gene products that control activation of the adaptive immune response (MHC, CD80/CD86, IL-12) Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Broad categories of PRRs: (2) Phagocytic (or endocytic) PRRs; expressed on the surface of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells(DCs) (3) Secreted PRRs (mannan-binding lectin and peptidoglycan-recognition proteins Function: a. activate complement b. opsonize microbials cells to facilitate their phagocytosis c. ccessory proteins for PAMP recognition by transmembrane receptors (TLR) Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Toll-like Receptors – comprise a family of type 1 transmembrane receptors characterized by leucine rich repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular portion and an intracellular TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor) domain; grouped into two classes: (1) TLRs 1, 2, 4 , 5, and 6 are expressed on the plasma membrane and detect bacterial and fungal cell wall components; (2) TLRs 3, 7, and 9 are expressed in endosomal compartments and recognize viral nucleic acids Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) †¢ expressed predominantly in the cells of the immune system, including macrophages, DC, neutrophils, mast cells, and B cells †¢ also expressed on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, surface epithelial cells, and muscle cell †¢ Signal transducing receptor for LPS, heat sensitive protein associated with the cell walls of MTB †¢ Together with CD14 shown to mediate responsiveness to the fusion (F) protein of RSV Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) †¢ Involved in recognition of LTA and peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprotein, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, a phenol-soluble modulin from S. epidermidis, zymosan of yeast cell walls, and lipoglycosylphosphotidylinositol T. cruzi †¢ Also shown to recognize two kinds of atypical LPS: L. interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivitis Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) Receptor for dsRNA †¢ Can mediate responses to poly(IC) †¢ Expressed on DCs, macrophages, and surface epithelial cells, including instestinal epithelium †¢ Also expressed in CD8+ DCs Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) †¢ Involved in viral recognition and both detect nucleic acids together with TLR9 †¢ Recognizes viral ssRNA (derived from RNA viruses); TLR9 (unmethylated DNA derived from DNA viruses) †¢ Expressed primarily on plasmacytoid dendritic cells †¢ Activated by small antiviral compunds, e. g. imiquinoid †¢ TLR7-mediated recognition takes place inside the late lysosomes Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) †¢ Involved in the antiviral host defense; especially on recognition of DNA viruses (HSV) †¢ Expressed in type-I INF-producing plasmacytoid DCs Phagocytic Receptors †¢ Scavenger receptors – cell-surface glycoproteins that are defined by their ability to bind to modified LDL †¢ Macrophage Mannose Receptor (MR) – type I transmembrane protein expressed primarily in macrophages; involved in phagocytosis of bacterial (MTB, P. eruginosa, K. pneumonia), fungal (S. cerevisae, C. albicans), and protozoan pathogens (P. carinii) Cells of the Innate Immune System †¢ Macrophages – most central and essential functions and have multiple roles in host defense (e. i. â€Å"housekeeping functions†); in red pulp of the spleen, it phagocytose and remove from circulation senescent RBCs †¢ Neutrophils †¢ Mast Cells – best known effectors of aller gic response; protective role is by rapid production of TNF-? nd leukotriene B4 (neutrophil recruitement) Cells of the Innate Immune System †¢ Eosinophils – found primarily in the respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts; contains cationic effector proteins toxic to parasitic worms; poor phagocytes †¢ Dendritic Cells – immature DCs reside in peripheral tissues and are highly active in macropinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis; expresses PRRs and TLRs; have roles in the initiation of adaptive immune response Cells of the Innate Immune System Suface Epithelium – lines the mucosal surfaces of the intestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts provide an important physical barrier The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System The Major Categories of Antimicrobial Effector Enzymes that hydrolyze components of microbial cell walls Antimicrobial proteins and petides that disrupt the integrity of microbial cell walls †¢ Lysozyme †¢ Chitinases †¢ Phospholipase A2 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ BPI Defensins Cathelicidins Complement Eosinophil cationic protein Microbicidal serine proteases Proteins that sequester iron and zinc Enzymes that generate toxic oxygen and nitrogen derivatives †¢ Seprocidins †¢ Lactoferrin †¢ NRAMP †¢ calprotein †¢ Phagocytic oxidase †¢ Nitric oxide synthase †¢ myeloperoxidase The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Lysozyme – a. k. a. muramidase; degrades the peptidoglycan of some gram(+) bacteria; highly concentrated in secretions such as tears and saliva †¢ Chitinases – enzymes that degrade chitin; secreted by activated macrophages and presumably play a role in antifungal defense The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Defensins – cationic peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria, fungi, parasites, and some envelope viruses; kill microorganisms by forming pores in the membranes; divided into ? – and ? defensins †¢ ? -defensins – presynthesized and stored in granules of neutrophils and Paneth cells of the small intestine †¢ ? -defensins – produced by epithelial cells and not stored in cytoplasmic granules The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Cathelicidins – active against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria and fungi; produced in neutrophils and stored as inactive proproteins in the secondary granules †¢ Serprocedins – comprise a family of cationic serine proteases with antimicrobial activity (neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, and azurocidin); exert its antimicrobial activity by either perturbation of microbial membranes or by proteolysis The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Lactoferrin, NRAMP, and Calprotectin – antimicrobial activities are due to the ability to sequester iron and zinc †¢ Lactoferrin – found in the secondary granules of neutrophils, in epithelial secretions (e. i. breast milk), in the intestinal epithelium of infants, and in airway fluids; bacteriostatic (iron sequestration) and bacteriocidal (perturbation of microbial membranes) The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) – integral membrane protein that functions as an ion pump in the phagocytic vacuoles of macrophage and neutrophils †¢ Calprotectin – member of the family of calciumbinding proteins; microbial activity is by chelation and sequestration of zinc ion ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS †¢ Soluble factors which are normal constituents that increase or decrease rapidly as produ †¢ Not a function of a single defined ph ysiologic system; rather, it is a product of multiple and diverse defense mechanisms How to cite Medical Immunology, Essay examples